Method and apparatus for construction of supports of buildings and other structures.



J. B. GOLDSBOROUGH.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SUPPORTS 0F BUILDINGS AND OTHER STIHIOTURES= APPLICATION FILED MAR.19, 1909.

Patented June 14, 1910 3 SHEETS SHE-ET l.

J. B GOLD$BOROUGH.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SUPPORTS OF BUILDING S AND OTHER STRUCTURES.

APPLIGATION FILED MAR.19,100,9.

Patented June-14, 1910.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

8 m.) 0- 1 1/60; ay

QR Ltd woo co J. B. GOLDSBOROUGH.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF SUPPORTS OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES.

APPLIOATION FILED MAR.19, 1909. %L%& Patented June 14, 1910.

3 SHEETS-811E151 3.

IIIIIIIIIIII 13 1 fl 415i 9 d gjnvawboz All UNITED sTnTEs PATENT @FlFllCE JOHN BYRON GOLDSIBOROUG-I-I, OF GROTON NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR TO THE U'IYTIDER- PINNING COMPANY, OF NEW YORK N. Y A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ooNsTRUcTIoN or sUrPoRTs or BUILDINGS AND OTHER sTRUcTUREs.

aerate-e.

Specification of Letters Patent. Patented June 14, 1 911),

Application filed March 19, 1909. Serial No. 484,499."

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that 1, JOHN BYRON Gonns- BOROUGH, a citizen of the United States, residing at Croton, in the county of Vestchester and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Methods and Apparatus for Construction of Supports of Buildings and other Structures, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact' specification.

This invention relates generally to the construction of supports for buildings, building walls, and other structures, particularly to that type of such supports wherein hollow foundation elements are employed to support such structures, and it will be found to. be available in Connection with the method of sinking such foundation elements set out in the Breuchaud Patent No. 563,130, dated June 30, 1896. It may also be employed in connection with hollow foundation elements, whether sunk by the Breuchaud methodor not. It may also be employed in connection with such hollow foundation elements, whether sunk under an existing wall to support the same, or sunk preliminary to theerection of any structure as a foundation for a new structure. My invention is therefore equally available for use in connection with a new support or foundation for an already-erected structure, or for use in connection with a'support or foundation upon which a new structure is to be erected.

The invention has for its object to provide a method and apparatus whereby the footing and consequently the supporting power of such hollow foundation elements may be increased, whether the same be deep or shallow, and thereby to enable a smaller foundation element to be sunk, which will take less time and cause less friction and expense than if a large foundation element were sunk, and to give it the bearing or support ing power of such larger element; further, that I am enabled to obtain all the advantages of a deep foundation without the loss 'of time and expense usually incident to such foundation.

A further object is to enable the hearing or supporting power of foundation elements to be made substantially uniform, whether they are of the same or different diameters in cross-section, and whether they are sunk unequal, the walls would be cracked and possibly the structure demolished.

A further object of my invention is that it enables me to connect the bases or footings of adjacent hollow foundation elements by additional and increased footings, whereby they not only have their hearing power largely increased, but have increased interdependence, solidity, and rigidity, and any tendency to tilting or sidewise motion for any cause is overcome.

A further object of my invention is that it enables me to provide a sufficient foundation fora building, no matter how heavy, without the necessity of going to bed-rock or hard-pan.

A further object of my invention is that it enables meto increase at will the supporting power of a foundation to any desired limit within its intrinsic resistance.

By the term hollow foundation element, I intend to include all such hollow foundations as may be located in the earth, whether round or square, or of other shape in crosssection, and whether the said foundation element, in itself, is the sole support, or whether it is strengthened by a filling of concrete, cement, brick, etc, and whether such element be styled cylinders, columns, caissons, or other name be applied thereto, and whether the same be sectional or integral.

These, and other ob ects which will appear -as the description proceeds, I attain by the method hereinafter described, and by the use of the apparatus illustrated in the accompanying drawings Figure l 'is a ver-t1cal section through the lowermost part or footing of a supporting foundation element, the upper part being broken away, illustrating the employment of two varieties of extended footings; also the method employed of adjusting one of said footings to position. Fig. 2 is a similar view illustrating the; method of adjusting the other of the extended footings illustrated in Fig, 1 to place. Fig. 3 is a similar view illustrating the employment of a.

modified fornr of footing,- as well as the method by which the same is driven to .place. Fig.4 is a diagrammatic plan illustratin in its perpendicular wings the extende footings of Fig. 1,, and initsjhorizontal wings the upper extended footings .of

F 1g. 1- and the lower or modified form of I footings of Fig. 3, illustrating, also, the

employment of grouting pipes. Fig. 71s a vertical section of the lower ends and footings of several adjacent foundation elements, illustrating, also, the extended footing in place beneath the footing of adjacent foundation elements 'connecting the same Fig. 8 is a diagrammaticplan of the construction of Fig.7, illustrating the employment of different varieties ofextended footings and .Fig. 9 is 'a detail in cross-section of one form-of extended"footing',-showing adjacent members connected:

My extended footings are best. applied in connection with hollow; foundation. element '1, which may be in the jfor'm either of a cylindrical columnor caisson, or in the form of a rectangular column or caisson.- The particular form of foundation element is not important to my present invention, save in so far as that itis most convenient to apply my extended footingsin-conneet-ion with a hollow columnor caisson. v.Nor'is my pres ent invention limited by the manner of constructing said foundation element, etc. The

same may be sunksectionall-ygby the resist-- ance furnished by the weight of the already-.

erected wall, as in the sa d Breuchaud patent, or they maybe sunk inthe usual manner of constructing foundation caissons by the use of added weights. The pneumatic Iprocess may be employed where advisable in sinking/such foundation elements, or a water jet may be used.

Where my'methodand apparatus are employed in connection with the Breuchaud atented method, they make avaluable adunct to that method, for they ermit a foundation element to be sunk of t e smallest cross-sectional area requisite to support the compression load, and I increase the footing to any extent necessary to furnish a safe support for such foundation, without I carrying the same down to bed-rock. For

instance, we will assume that the load to be borne by such foundation element would be one hundred tons. Assuming that this foundation were to be driven to bed-rock,'it need only have sufficient material in cross-section to support the load. As bed-rock is frequently met with only at. a. great depth, it is very expensive and tedious to becompelled to drive the. foundation so far. If, however, the foundation elements stop short of bedrock, for instance, in sand, they must then have-a footing which is increased in area as the sand is diminished in bearing power; e. g., in the case supposed, if sand were allowed to carry a load of four tons to the square foot, a foundation of twenty-five square feet would be required. It .would probably be impossible to sink a foundation of this size, by the resistance of the wall, to a safe depth. .But by my invention the foundation need be no larger than required to furnish the needed strength, and the footing can be extended as required, and therefore a much smaller foundation may be employed, and it may safelyoe stopped at a point above the bed-rock where the same is at a great depth. It may be found advantageous to excavate somewhat below the bot tom of the foundation before beginning the work of inserting. my invention in cases where itis used altthe base thereof, although thisis not essential, as the extended foot- ;ings may be used in cases where suchexcavation is not feasible; for instance, in wet soil, as quicksand, WhlCh nevertheless has considerable supportlng power when confined so that it may not flow freely.

Broadly, my invention consists in the employment of extended and extensible footings which are inserted and fixed'in place after the supporting foundation is sunlqand which may be laced either at the lower'ex tremity thereo or at an intermediate point. Care, however, should be taken to locate the said extended footings at a point below where the earth is liable to be much disturbed by future constructions. In Figs. 1,

"2, and 3 I have illustrated a convenient form which such extended footing may take, and

here it is illustrated as an elbow-bracket 2, having vertical-flange 3, horizontal-flange or -footing 4;, and connecting web or brace 5,

which asses through slots 2 in the caisson 1. In ig. 4 I have illustrated such brackets' 2, as extendingsubstantially the width of one side of a rectan ular caisson, and as provided with two we s or braces "5 each. Obviously this is a matter of detail whichmay be varied without departing from the invention, and more or less sections'be used to a side, and more or less braces employed.

The tendency of the elbow-brackets 2, when the column 1' is bearing its load, will be for the outer end of the footing 4 to tip up, causing the upper ends of vertical-flanges 3 to approach each other. In case the foundation element is filled with concrete, as is usually the case, not only for the added strength, but as a preservative, this concrete filling. will resist the tendency of the flanges 3, and will cause the brackets 2 to be stifi and rigid; but in cases where the concrete filling is not employed, other means are elbow-brackets 2.- As seen in Fig. 4, the upper and lower brackets 2, being first inserted, are made the full width of the foundation element 1, and their vertical-flanges 3 lie-behind and are supported by the edges of the right and left hand brackets 2, which are. of less width and lie between the vertical flanges of the upper and lower brackets.

\Vhen the foundation element 1, which may represent the. Working chamber of a caisson sunk by the pneumatic process, has been sunk or driven to its proper place, and the load which the same will bear has been ascertained, and the extent to which its footing must be enlarged to harmonize with the other foundation elements, sections of extended footings 2, having the proper area of bearing-surface 4, will be lowered into the working chamber, and having been inserted in place with the web or brace 5 in position to enter slot 2", a screw or hydraulicjack 8 (Fig. 1), will be placed with one end bearing against the inner end 'of the horizontal-flange or foot 1, and the other end against the walls of the foundation 1, or the opposite bracket 2, and the jack being operated, the section of extended footing will be driven to place. Of course, should it not be necessary to extend the footing of the foundation to such an extent as to require four of the sections 2, only two' of such sections need be employed. It is advisable to employ an even number and to situate them opposite each other-to avoid an eccentric loading on the base. In case the foundation is eccentrically loaded, the extended footings should be so located with relation to the load or center of gravity as evenly to distribute the load thereon. In certain cases, as where a foundation is on the border of a lot, an eccentric loading of same and the extended footings may be necessary, and where it may not be possible to TOCH-ltthem opposite each other. By increasing or diminishing the extent to which the flange or foot 4 projects, or by decreasing the width of such flange, almost any desired extent of bearing surface may be obtained. Means are also provided whereby an auxiliary extended footing may be introduced, and this will befound valuable in many cases, for it not only extends the footing or bearing surface of the foundation to a considerable extent, but it provides means by which the footings of adjacent foundation elements may be connected, and a continuous footing introduced from beneath one foundatlon element to another adjacent one, and the whole connected so as to furnish practically a continuous,

united grillage or net-work of beams uniting all of said elements. In Fig. 1 this auxiliary extended footing is represented as a shoe 10, comprising a horizontal-plate 11, provided with stiffening-ribs or braces 12. Three of such ribs are illustrated on the under side of each plate in Fig. 1, but a greater or less number may be used, and the shoe 10 may be of the width of the foundation element, as illustrated in Fig. 1, or of less width. The

shoe is inserted in place by a screw or other jack 13, which engages in the bight of a stirrup 14, the hooks of which pass over the inner end of the shoe 10. The opposite end of the jack engages against the opposite side of the foundation element 1, or belowbracket 2. The operation of the jack causes the shoe to pass out under elbow-bracket 2, to the position illustrated in Fig. 1, and it is anchored in position by the anchor or tie piece 15, having a bent end 16, which passes over the upper end of verticalflange 3, and a similarly bent-end '17, which passes under plate 11. The auxiliary extended footing may be made in the form of a pipe 18, as illustrated in Fig. 3, and for many purposes possibly this will be the preferred form. It is easily inserted in place by the use of a stirrup 1 1 and jack 13, as illustrated in Fig.

3, the manner of insertion being the same as that of the shoe 10. The pipes 18 are preferably perforated as illustrated (Fig. 8) for the purpose of grouting, the advantages of which are that a large body like solid rock is formed about the footing, in: creasing its bearing power and preserving the metal employed from rust. Where the pipes 18 are employed, they may be con nected and made rigid by the means illustrated in detail in Fig. 5 and in plan in Fig. 4. Here short cylindrical plugs 19 are employed, one being inserted in the end of each of the opposite pipes 18, and these plugs are joined by a sliding sleeve 20, which fits over their adjacent free ends, or a screw coupling may be employed if desired.

In Fig. 4: I have illustrated the employment of shoes 10, in the upper and lower auxiliary extended footings, and on the right and lefthand sides the employment *of pipes 18, with couplings 19, 20. *here my extended footing passes beneath the walls of adjacent foundation elements, it may not be necessary to brace the ends within the hollow foundation elements by the employment of additional. braces, owing to the fact that weight is upon each end of said extended may pass under the other, and filling blocks 21' interposed betweenthe lower edge of the foundation element and the upper'surface of the pipes 18 (Fig. 8). In cases where the auxiliary extended footing is not required, the bracket2 may alone be employed to extend the footing, and in such cases the saidbracket should preferably be inverted in position thereby enabling it to be placed below the foundation element and dispensing with the necessity for slots therein to receive the web 5, as the said web would then be located below the side walls of the foundation element 1. In such casethe earth at the bottom of the foundation element would be excavated sufficiently to enable the bracket to be'inserted and when the brackets were in place the cavity could be filled with concrete, thereby bracing the brackets, or other braces could be employed.

In Figs. 7 and 8 I have illustrated a group of .foundation elements designedto serve as a foundation for a new structure, and wherethrough the base portion of the oundation in such a way as to affect all the foundation elements supporting a buildingor other structure at any depth below the surface to which it may be desired to transfer the Weight of the building. or structure.

In Fig. 7 v I have illustrated a sectional extended footing 22, which is composed of 4.5

short lengths or sections of channel iron which' may be inserted in place in the manner illustrated in Fig. 3, and where the rigidity is obtained by side-strips or stays 23, bolted thereto'before being forced to place. This. will serve as a fastening where the channel irons are separated, as seen in. the

right and lefthand wings or extended foot ings of Fig. 8, and where they are employed.

adjacent to each other their inner flanges may be bolted together, as at 24.- in Fig. 9 in. which .case the channel iron is arranged so as to break joints, as in the upper wings of Fig. 8.

In the plan view of Fig. 8, I have illustrated theemployment of both varieties ofextended footings; viz., pipes 18 and channel irons 22, not intending to indicate thereby that they must or should be used together, but to save space. Where I have illustrated channel irons, other commercial forms such as T irons, having flanges adapted for bolt ing, might in some cases be used.

Where several sections of pipe are employed to construct an extended footing between the footings of adjacent foundation elements, as in Fig. 8, means must be provided to stiffen the same and to give the several sections the stiffness of an integral structure, which mayconsist of sectional plugs 25, arranged so asto break joints with the pipes.

The different ways I have illustrated of connecting the extended footings together so as to make them rigid are illustrative merely, and my invention does not reside in the articular manner of making such connections, as manyways of making them will be available to the engineer. Furthermore should it be deemed advisable to connect thebases of the foundation elements to prevent side- 5 wise movement, this may be done by suitable meansfor instance, by an le irons 26 Fig. 8) secured to the upper sur aces of the c annel irons 22 and to the body of the foundation elements 1.

I have shown in various places the use of appliances which permit the employment of grout, and in Fig. 6 I have shown pipes 46, designed particu arly to facilitate the introduction of grout into and around the extended footings 2. In all cases it may not be necessary to employ such pipes, as in 4 many instances the provision of a hole in the Wall of the hollow foundation element is sufficient. I

The great advantage of this type of con-v 'stru'ction is that small foundation elements may be used for the support of heavy build ings which will safely transfer the Wei ht of the building to a greater depth WhlCh 105 will be entirely below any possible future disturbance caused by the building. of subways, tunnels, or deep open excavations in the vicinity of the building or-other structure, the foundation of which has been con- 110 structed by the method described. By this means buildings of any weight may be cheaply and safely supported on what would otherwise be unstable material, or where the character of the soil is such that the cost of securing a foundation by the present methods of open excavation or caissons is prohibitive. Desirable building sites are' rendered unavailable owing to the high costs by present methods of building foundations. to rock or to a considerable depth. in or through material of an unstable character, and the method herein described is intended to overcome theseobstacles.

An advantage of my invention is that the forcing out of the extended footings tends to'compress and consolidate the soil through and into which they are forced, thereby increasing the bearing power of the soil and decreasing its liabihty to permit settlement.

adapted to support a tunnel structure and malntain it in stable condition, and that such tunnel structures, while they need support to prevent sinking, also frequently need support to prevent their rising.

An important application of my invention is in connection with sub-aqueous tunnels or tunnels constructed throughsoil which does not afford a proper bearing surface and consists in the lateral projection of such extended footings directly from the tunnel itself into the adjacent soil, either above, below, or at the sides of the tunnel. Such tunnels, as now constructed, have large sectional iron plates with inwardly-projecting flanges and are lined with brickwork or concrete. The extended footings will in such cases project radially from between the longitudinal joints of adjoining sections of the iron casing of the tunnel and have its inner end secured between the flanges of adjacent sections. In such application the longitudinal axis of the extended footing will be parallel with the longitudinal axis of the tunnel, rather than at right angles to the cylinder. Such extended footings may be arranged throughout the entire length of a tunnel if desired. i

An important advantage of my invention is the'facility it offers to have all foundation elements for one job made of uniform size, and even fordifferent jobs, by reasonof the ease withwhich the same may afterward, by the use of a greater orless number or size of extended footings, be adjusted to different loads. This renders the construction of a large number of such foundation elements more economical, quicker, and more satisfactory in many ways, such as handling, etc.

It will be perceived that, where I have illustrated the employment of pipes to be forced laterally from the footing of a hol low foundation element into the earth, and which will itself, when properly braced, providethe additional support for such foundation element, the pipe which is so forced may be of light material, such as stove pipe having sufficient strength to enable it to be forced into the earth, and that the said pipe may then be filled with concrete, which may be reinforced by metal if desired, and which may extend across the bottom of the foundation element, and which will, when set, furnish the additional or extended footing, or the pipes which in themselves are adapted to provide such extended. footing, may be braced and strengthened by the introduction therein of such reinforced concrete, in which the plugs illustrated may not be required.

The material of which my extended footings will preferably be made will be such as will have the requisite strength and will not deteriorate in the presence of water. F or this purpose, concrete, or concrete reinforced with metal, may well be employed, or metal which will not corrode, as brass, etc. If metal is employed, it need not necessarily have in itself the requisite strength, but may be strengthened by concrete, which may be inserted beneath the same.

W here the nature ofthe soil will permit, my extended footings may be placed and secured in position by excavating, and thereby assist the use of the jack or perhaps entirely dispense with it. This will be in cases where the water and soil do not flow too freely and where they can easily be kept back or controlled by the aid of air pressure.

What I claim and desire to secure by Let- .ters Patent is extended footings laterally therefrom, and

in then bracing said extended footings and fixing them in positionrelative to the foundation element so as to be held against relative movement when the foundation elementis loaded, substantially as described.

The herein-described method of constructing supports for buildings and other structures, which consists in sinking a hollow foundation element, in then arranging an extended footing in position to be forced laterally withrespect to said foundation element, in then arranging a jack in position to engage said extended footing and to force the same laterally into the earth by resistance of the walls of the said foundation element, and in then bracing the said ext-ended footings in position.

I 3. A support for a building or other structure, comprising ahollow foundation ele ment, an extended footing therefor composed of separate sections, each section ex-.

tending from within such foundation element laterally into the earth, and means for fixing the said extended footing in position relative to said foundation element, at or near the base thereof, to hold the-said extended footing .against vertical displacement.

i. A support for a building or other structure, comprising a plurality of hollow foundation elements, separate, oppositely disposed, sectional extended footings projecting laterally into the earth from within each foundation element adjusted to equalize the supporting power of each foundation element, and means for ermanently securing said extended footings 1n position relative to said foundation element at or near the base thereof to. hold them against vertical displacement.-- a W 5. A support for a building or other structure, comprising a'hollow foundation ele-' ment, an extended footing or bearing-plate projecting laterally into the so l from a point within the vertical lane of the side walls of said foundation e ement, means for permanently holding said bearing-plate in place, a brace for said bearing-plate, and means for anchoring same at both ends, substantially as described,

6. A support for a building, tunnel, or other structure, comprising a' hollow foundation element, separate, oppositely-located,

extended footings projecting laterally from points within the vertical planes of the walls of the hollow foundation element into the soil, and connections ermanently securing each of said extended footings to said foundation'elements at or near the base thereof.

7. A support for a hollow structure comprising separate extensions projecting laterally from within the same into the adjoining soil or material, and permanently fixed in position with relation to the saidstructure. t

'8. The herein-described method of constructing supports for buildings or other structures, which consists in sinking. a hollow foundation element having its lower end open, in then arranging an extended footing or support in position to be forced into the earth outside of said foundation element, in then locating a jack in position to engage said extended footing and forcing the same into the earth outside of the vertical planes of the sidewalls of said foun- -dation element, in then repeating said opera tion until the footing-or supporting surface for said foundation element has been sufliciently extended, and in then bracing and fixing thesaid extensions in position relative to said foundation element, so as to hold them against movement relative thereto.

9. The herein-described method of constructing supports for buildings and other I structures, which consists in locating a hollow structure within the earth, in then projecting extended footings laterally therefrom into the earth, and in then securing the said extended footings in position relative to said foundation element so .as to hold the same against relative movement under load. 1

10. A support for a building or other structure, comprising a hollow foundation element, extended footings projecting laterally from points within the vertical planes of the walls of the foundation element into the S011 and braced and fixed against movem'ent relative to said foundation element under load.

"11. A support for a building or other structure, comprisin a hollow foundation element, extended ootings located at the base thereof and projecting laterally from points within the vertical planes of the walls of the foundation element into the soil, and

means located at said base for permanently securing the said extended footlngs against .lateral displacement under load. a

12. A support for a building or other structure, comprising a' hollow foundation element, extended footings located at the base thereof and projecting laterally from points within the vertical planes of the walls of the foundation element into the soil, means for bracing the said extended footings against lateral displacement under load comprising brackets having a horizontal footmg located substantially outside said vertical planes, a flan e, and means for permanently fixing sai bracket in position relative to the foundation element and for holding said bracket against relative move ment..

13. 'A support for a building or other structure, comprising a hollow foundation element, extended footings located at the base thereof and projecting laterally from points within the vertical planes of the walls of the foundation element into the soil,

comprising brackets having a plane footing substantially outside said vertical pi nes, a vertical'fiange accessible from the interior of said foundation element, a web connecting said footing'and flange, and means for holding said bracket against relative displacement.

14. A support for a building or other structure, comprising a hollow foundation.

element, extended footings located at the base thereof and projecting laterally from points within the vertical planes of the walls of the foundation element into the soil, com Y JOHN BYRON GOLDSBOROUGH.

Witnesses:

ADoLPH F.-Dmsn, HENRY'M. FISH. 

